Sample Statement of Purpose for Recreation and Leisure Studies Essay Example for Free

Sample Statement of Purpose for Recreation and Leisure Studies Essay Sample Statement of Purpose for Recreation and Leisure Studies The Martial Art (wushu) and the Technique of Deep Breathing (qigong) constitute an integral part of Chinese traditional culture and one of the essential cultural legacies of the world civilization. Even now, those two ancient health-building techniques are still indispensable in facilitating people’s health. Yet, it is regretful to notice that they seem to have stopped developing in the modern era. I believe that the best way out of this dilemma is to integrate those two traditional health-building techniques with the latest research achievements of western recreational and leisure studies. I believe that by undertaking a Ph. D. program in recreation and leisure studies at your esteemed university, I will be well positioned to make contributions to this integration. I completed my undergraduate and postgraduate programs respectively at xxxxx Institute of Physical Education and xxxxxx University, arguably two first-rate sports universities in China. I first majored in the Chinese martial arts then in Chinese traditional Taiji and health Qigong. This systematic and rigorous educational background has given me a necessary academic foundation for your program. My 7-year education allowed me to not only learn the theories and the skills in my specialties but also gain insights into the essence of the wushu and qigong—the perfect union between the physical and the mental. In two programs, I was particularly fascinated by a number of courses such as Martial Arts Serial Exercise Training, Taiji Boxing, Health Cultivation Qigong, Yoga, Exercise Physiology, Sport Medicine, and Sport Anatomy. I benefited from the martial arts training, taiji boxing and qigong exercises by deriving the spirit of perseverance and the pursuit of an active and balanced life characterized by a tactful aggressive attitude. In this way, I maintained a tranquil state of benign physiological-psychological cycle. Energetic and aggressive, I made efforts to win academic successes one after another. Entering the xxxxx Institute of Physical Education as the third top student in my province in that year’s national university entrance examination, I maintained a leading position in my academic performance, not only winning scholarships (available only to the top 5%) every year but also receiving the honor of Outstanding Student, Outstanding Graduate and Excellent Intern. With top scores in the qualifying examinations for the postgraduate program, I was enrolled into Beijing Sport University. As a postgraduate, I had ample teaching assistant experience. First, I taught taiji boxing and health cultivation qigong to undergraduates. Then, because of my sound English proficiency and interpersonal skills, I worked as a teacher of taiji boxing and health cultivation qigong, on behalf of our university’s Foreign Affairs Section, to foreign students and taiji-qigong fans from France, Canada, the United States, Japan and African countries. In addition, I was a voluntary teacher offering free taiji-qigong trainings to the elderly people at Martial Arts Association of China Academy of Sciences and Beijing Ever-Green Geracomium. All those activities helped me accumulate important teaching experience and raise my service awareness. The research I have done in writing my undergraduate thesis and postgraduate dissertation is closely aligned with the program I am currently applying for. Entitled The National Characteristics of Chinese Martial Arts, my undergraduate thesis demonstrates the underlying cultural features and the healthcare medical effect of the martial arts—their ability to temper one’s psychology and cultivate one’s temperament in addition to their direct health cultivation through physical exercises. My Master’s dissertation focuses on the Philosophical Characteristics of Chinese Traditional Sport Health Cultivation Practices. By an in-depth analysis of the theoretical premises of Chinese traditional sport practices, such as â€Å"the supremacy of prevention†, â€Å"parallel development of internal and external mechanisms,† and â€Å"equal emphasis on mental and physical cultivation†, the dissertation offers an interpretation of the philosophical basis of those practices. I also examined how those philosophical principles are embodied in the actual practices. I applied an interdisciplinary approach in writing this dissertation, soliciting constructive comments from senior professors in Chinese medicine, arts, social sciences, and, of course, sports. My work experience since the completion of my Master’s program is related to sports administration as I have been working at the Center of Health Qigong Administration, State Administration of Sport. Our center is a governmental organization devoted to providing consultations to elderly citizens concerning sports activities and exercises. Apart from drafting major government policies, I have taken part in important academic activities over the past two years. I have been a member of a research team on two research projects sponsored by the State Administration of Sport and other relevant departments—Creating and Standardizing Certain Health Qigong Practices from Chinese Traditional Health Cultivation Forms and Evaluating their Physical Effect and Research into the Current State of Public Health Qigong Activities. For the first project, I have received the National Award for Sports Science and Technology Advances. In addition, I have co-authored four books published by the People Sports Publishing House, including Tendon Changing Classic of Health Qigong Practices (please refer to my Resume for detail). I have also attended important academic conferences, acted as research assistant and trainer. In this way, I have developed valuable practical experiences, enhancing my teaching, training and research abilities. In my proposed program, I am deeply interested in studying recreation and leisure. My work experience shows that Chinese traditional health cultivation practices like qigong and martial arts, themselves recreational and leisure events, have sound preventive and therapeutic effects. It is a pity that, without scientific guidelines, we have not made full advantage of those important resources. The underlying reason is that we have not been able to perform systematic and comprehensive research. Another reason is that, even though people now enjoy much more spare time than ever before, they have little idea how to spend their leisure and undertake recreation in an intelligent manner. I hope that I can help people understand the importance of the principle of â€Å"live well through healthy lifestyle. † I also hope that, through your program, I can continue to broaden my administrative knowledge so that I can ultimately facilitate recreation and leisure activities through government and community channels. I would like to apply for admission into the School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation of xxxx University. Your program of Recreation and Leisure Studies offers an interdisciplinary study that encompasses a rich variety of subjects ranging from Recreation Management to Leisure Behavior. You have advanced facilities, mature curriculum and effective research methodologies, thereby providing a sound condition for me to carry out my studies and research. I would like to concentrate on Therapeutic Recreation, Recreation Administration, Recreational Sport Management, and Leisure Studies, Leisure and Health, Leisure and Healthy Lifestyles, Leisure and Aging, Sports for Seniors. I am particularly interested in Therapeutic Recreation because I hope to focus on exposing the socially underprivileged people, that is, the weak and the elderly, the patients of chronic and deeline diseases, the handicapped and the mentally retarded, to a satisfying leisure lifestyle by practicing yoga, taiji boxing, qigong, and martial arts. I wish that your program will develop me into a researcher, administrator, teacher and/or counselor in recreation and leisure who can treat and rehabilitate people in need by using recreational sports and therapeutic recreational services. My undergraduate and postgraduate specializations and my work experiences all point to my qualifications as a worthy candidate for your Ph. D. program. I believe that my Oriental background, especially my understanding of traditional Chinese philosophy and my skills in Yoga, Taiji boxing, Qigong and Martial Arts will be a unique contribution to the diversity of your program.

Breast Cancer Essay -- essays research papers

Breast Cancer: Risk Factors, Detection & Treatment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Among all American women who die when they are between the ages of forty and forty-five, the cause of death most likely to be listed on their death certificates is BREAST CANCER. Breast tumors are responsible for the greatest number of deaths among women, and breast cancer alone is the cause of almost one fifth of all cancer related mortalities. It results in the death of thirty seven thousand American women every year. Currently, there is no concrete answer as to how breast cancer is caused nor is their a cure for the disease. â€Å"Research over the past fifty years has narrowed the causes down to certain risk factors that are common amongst breast cancer patients. The disease can be detected somewhat early if one attends examinations. As for treatment, several methods have come into use, neither of them one hundred percent effective.† (Seltzer, 23)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The risk factors for breast cancer have been evaluated solely by researching the medical histories of those with the disease.† (Seltzer, 27) They have been assigned a specific order which ranges from greatest risk to the least amount of risk. The risk factors are having a family history of the disease, never bearing children, having a child after the age of thirty, having had a late menopause, age, obesity, and being a Caucasian. These risk factors are not however, totally conclusive. My mother, also being a victim of breast cancer had none of the above listed risk factors, but still developed the sickness. â€Å"Even if none of the risk factors applies to you, you must still be wary and attend regular examinations, because every woman is at risk.† (Subak-Sharpe, 42)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Early detection of breast cancer is the key to surviving the illness. Once the tumor has grown too much, it is often too late. â€Å"Large tumors interact with lymph nodes which interconnect with the breast, facilitating the spreading of the disease, which in almost all cases, leads to certain death.† (Link, 144) There are essentially two methods of detection with breast cancer. They are self examinations as well as Mammography’s. Self examinations are essentially done by women on themselves, feeling the breast while searching for a lump or abnormalities. It is recommended by the American Cancer Association that a ... .... â€Å"Even though some patients illnesses prove resistant, the treatment is forty percent effective.†(Link, 110) Side effects with Radiation therapy are rare but include rib fracture, radiation induced Pneumonia, and Pericardial effusion(fluid around the heart). These side effects are due to the radiations proximity with the lungs, ribs and heart. The alternative to Radiation therapy is Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy involves using drugs in the fight against malignant, or deadly tumors. Pharmaceuticals such as Antimetabolites, Alkalating agents, and Antibiotics. These drugs are basically designed to flow through the body’s circulatory system, and then search for and destroy cancerous cells. Chemotherapy has about the same success rate as radiation therapy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, breast cancer is one of the most deadly cancers known to women around the world. Risk factors show who may be prone to developing the sickness, and as time goes by, more detection and treatment methods are developed. Hopefully one day, a cure can be found to eradicate this, and all cancers, but until that day, women will still have to deal with the detection, and treatment of breast cancer.

Working with Exceptional Children

The importance for an Educational Assistance in getting more general information about children with exceptionalities is needed because more schools across Canada are integrating more exceptional children into regular classrooms settings . According to a study that was done and revealed that in the mid 60’s there was about 1000 children with learning disabilities within the public school system, almost 20 years later, the numbers sky rocketed to be around 197,000 these numbers were mentioned in the EADP course. These numbers are still growing and the concept of inclusion was first implemented in the mid 1980’s. Many institutions were shut down and many of the children were either sent back home into their communities and in other cases where this wasn’t an option they were sent into group homes. In the classroom it change to where some student were sent to experience educational integration. The children would have the joy of the experience some of the school structure and activities which includes gym, arts, home economics and other program to suit their needs. With the process of mainstreaming the class sizes are increasing, therefore the teacher’s responsibilities are greater. This impacts educational assistants by having to upgrade their knowledge. The teacher’s responsibilities towards all students is to make them feel safe in the school environment. They are also responsible for planning a curriculum that will meet every students needs, to the child who are considered normal and to the children who are considered exceptional. In the teacher’s curriculum adaptation is needed so each child receives the knowledge, skills and attitudes needed to progress in their abilities. With the help of an educational assistant who has received general information about children with exceptionalities the teacher’s work load is alleviated. Knowledge helps the educational assistant effectiveness in interacting with children who are exceptional. The educational assistant will have a better understanding of the teacher’s needs and the needs of children with exceptionalities. There is a broad range of different exceptionalities so the educational assistant need to be flexible and learn how to deal basis. The educational assistant will know how to carry out the program that was adapted for the child without any long explanations from the teacher. The educational assistant, will facilitate the task and give the teacher more time to give one on one time to every individual student. Also knowing how to carry out the program will help to facilitate the integration of the child to the regular classes. The knowledge and importance of knowing how to take proper written documentation will ensure accurate and helpful data on the child progress. It will record on daily a basis which will help the teacher and the team to make adaptations in their intervention plan so that the child will be able to reach their long and short term goals. As a team player the educational assistant will have the knowledge and help play an important role with the teacher in implementing techniques of behaviour management which will increase effectiveness in the classroom. With time, peoples view and acceptance have changed making children with exceptionalities easier to integrate in the classroom . The demands of educational assistant have also changed with time . The task of an educational assistant has become more complex and they are now playing a bigger role and assuming more responsibilities. Having more general knowledge about exceptional children is essential. Well trained educational assistants are a key resource for teachers, children and the whole school system as they all work together as a team for the child.

Hurtful Love and Foolish Hope in Death of a Salesman Essay

nbsp;Hurtful Love and Foolish Hope in Death of a Salesmannbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; A father is an important role model in a young mans life; perhaps the most important. A father must guide his children, support them, teach them, and most importantly, love them. In the play Death of a Salesman, written by Arthur Miller, an aging salesman of 63, Willy Loman worked all his life for his children. Happy and especially Biff, his two sons, where his pride and joy and his reason for living. Willy tried as hard as he possibly could to provide for them, to support them, to mold them into men; but he failed. Willys greatest fault, perhaps, was his inability to see his sons for what they really were. Biff and Happy were never destined to†¦show more content†¦If only Willy would have recognized his son Biffs mediocrity instead of believing he was a great kid, Biff may have become a good man. No matter what Biff did, Willy would never believe it was because he was incapable of success. Unlike his older brother Biff, Happy did not receive the affection or attention he craved from his father. Willys preoccupation with his more attractive, better-liked son Biff, left Happy trailing in his siblings footsteps. Happy always tried to get his parents attention, hoping one day he could please them. Im losing weight, you notice, Pop? (29). Im gonna get married, Mom. I wanted to tell you. (68) Yet Willy never noticed his younger sons accomplishments. The lack of recognition from his father only made Happy try harder, but he could only do so much. Happy, not unlike his older brother Biff, was not a great man. In hopes to please his father, Happy also went into the selling business, but met little success. He was one of the two assistants to the assistant buyer and was miserable. Biff questioned Happy, Are you content, Hap? Youre a success, aret you? Are you content? (23), and Happy responds, Hell, no! Yet Happy stuck with his job, longing to one day please his father. Even aft er Willys death Happy did not give up on his quest. Im gonna show everybody else that Willy Loman did not die in vain. Im staying right in this city, and Im gonna beat this racket! (138). Happy, still trying

How the Asian Immigrants Get Unequal Treatment and Punishment in Their Life Free Essay Example, 1500 words

It is evidently clear from the discussion that since the birth of America, the United States has become a place for hopes for people who have relocated from their hometown because of various problems like poverty, political insecurity, and famine. Unfortunately, the United States has a shameful history of treating immigrants poorly. Many immigrants have over the years been persecuted, avoided, and discriminated against. The author of the paper states that Asian Americans have come a long way from a history of segregation and discrimination that are faced by other racial minorities. They come in the United State to work in the railroads, but were seen as a threat against the white racial purity, the economy, and the general public. This led to the creation of legal actions to exclude Asian Americans from getting fair treatment that is enjoyed by people from white descent. This issue has continued to modern-day America. The present essay has identified that law enforcement agencies fa iled to recognize racial crimes until 1990. Even after the Hate Crime Statistics Act was passed, Asians still face racial discrimination and crimes because of lack of proper differentiation of these crimes from another form of crimes. We will write a custom essay sample on How the Asian Immigrants Get Unequal Treatment and Punishment in Their Life or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Actions against these crimes are also disregarded because the focus on racism is usually concentrated on the white and black races. It is unfortunate that the minority Asian Americans are usually treated differently because of their race. This paper tells that racial labels, slurs, and fear still persist in society today. This racial group is stuck between being considered as a threat to the well-being of other groups and being a contributing member of society. According to the essay findings, it can, therefore, be said that this situation will continue unless changes are made and awareness is raised on the fact that Asian Americans can also be victims of racial acts.

Why Did Martin Luther Start The Protestant Reformation.

Why did Martin Luther start the Protestant Reformation? After five centuries, it is easy to reduce the Protestant Reformation to a dispute over corruption in the Roman Catholic Church. But was it dissension over corruption or was it more complex than that? While corruption existed in the Church during the Renaissance, the Reformation was as much about politics, theology, and individualism, as it was about rooting out corruption. When looking at the religious values that guide human choices, why did Martin Luther break away from the Catholic Church? It would seem that patience and more open communication by both sides could have prevented the initial break between Martin Luther and the Catholic Church. This would have spared the†¦show more content†¦Luther’s study of St. Paul, through the lens of St. Augustine, changed how he felt. Luther came to understand that the righteousness of God of which Paul wrote in Romans 1:17, referred to the righteousness by which the sinner is graciously justified by faith, not the standard of righteousness by which God would judge sinners struggling to attain justification by their own efforts. This understanding transformed the troubled monk, who now found peace with God through faith. He saw his discovery or recovery of the ancient Pauline teaching as a radical departure from the views of the medieval doctors of the Catholic Church. And yet this was not so. Unbeknownst to Luther, the leading medieval commentators held the same view of the righteousness of God. Luther also came to understand faith as God’s merciful gift by which we receive the further gift of justification, in contrast to all human efforts to merit or earn God’s favor. As a way of insisting that human beings contribute nothing of their own to justification, Luther insisted that man is justified by faith alone. Luther’s discovery was more than a personal breakthrough. He was by now a professor of theology at the University of Wittenberg, where he preached this understanding of the righteousness of God to students. Yet not until the question of the sale of indulgences arose in Luther’s diocese did the issue acquire legs, as the journalists say. Luther’s subsequent break with theShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther And The Protestant Reformation1029 Words   |  5 Pages The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in the 16th century that was against the Roman Catholic and its way of controlling things. Martin Luther, a reformer along with John Calvin and Henchurches VII. Luther may have had full faith in God, but he also had fear in him and his powers. They questioned the authority of the church and argued over political and religious powers in the hands of the bible. Martin Luther was the starter of it all. Martin Luther was a German monk who decided to startRead MoreMakayla Horton. Dr. Skaggs. World Civ. Ii. 1 February 2017.1182 Words   |  5 PagesTheses were written by Martin Luther in 1517. At the time of writing, Luther had devoted his life to Jesus Christ, and had become a monk. In his Theses, he expressed the idea that someone must be completely willing to commit penance in order for it to be legitimate, and Luther gave several reasons why he was critical of the sale of indulgences. He challenged the authority of the pope and other powerful positions of the church multiple times throughout his writings. Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five ThesesRead MoreCatholic Church During The Protestant Reformation1464 Words   |  6 PagesThe three areas of concern that Catholics had about the Catholic Church before the Protestant Reformation were The Plague, Abuse of the Indulgences and The Great Schism. The Plague also known as the Black Death was a disease caused by the bacterium Yersin ia pestis that circulated among wild rodents. The disease took place in the fourteenth century. 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The Reformation in Germany, which made a major impact on world history, was started by Martin Luther when, on a quest for his own personal salvation, became disillusioned with the Roman Catholic Church and began to speak out about his beliefs. This essay will describe and account for the progress of the Reformation in Germany to c. AD 1535 by outlining Luther’s life to 1517, the conflict that followed his Ninety-FiveRead MoreTurning Point in History ~Martin Luther and the 95 Theses2529 Words   |  11 PagesProtestant Reformation: Martin Luther’s 95 theses Kaitlin Alexander Senior Division Historical Paper The sixteenth century, known as the Renaissance, was a time of momentous change in Europe. This time period impacted the World in many ways including the arts, music, literature, science, and religion; however religion made the biggest impact to the culture (MacCulloch, 107,2). Religion was integral to every part of the culture; the image of Christ was the focal point its paintings, the ChurchRead MoreWhat Were The Conditions Created During The Later Middle Ages Which Laid The Groundwork For The Reformation? Essay1886 Words   |  8 PagesThe Reformation Question 1: What were the conditions created during the later Middle Ages which laid the groundwork for the Reformation? I have chosen to look at: the effects of the black death the ending of the feudal system the growth of humanism and science The Protestant Reformation took place in Europe, beginning in the 14th century. It was the movement in which the church established a new branch of Christianity; Protestantism. The Reformation was caused by the Western Schism, RenaissanceRead MoreProtestant Reformation : The Black Plague2109 Words   |  9 PagesProtestant reformation Task 1A The Black Death sometimes called the black plague was devastating for the people living in Europe from 1346 to 1353 Killing around 200 million people, there were many different theories to what was happening to everyone, Most people thought that it was some kind of judgement day, killing all the people who had sinned. Until the priests and popes and important people that no one ever thought God would want dead, so eventually most people figured out that by goingRead MoreThe Reformation : How It Affect The Future?1938 Words   |  8 Pagesaspect. When we look at history only a few things really stick out in the as highlights in our brain. The Reformation is one of those things in history that protrudes out of time in significance. Its significance though like many other things is not only found in the lasting historical effect has had, but also the eternal effect it has had on people s live. So what is the Protestant Reformation? According to theopedia.com it is â€Å"Protestantism is the movement within Christianity, representing a splitRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation Essay1978 Words   |  8 PagesFrom the time Christianity began to the time of the Protestant Reformation, for about a millennium and a half, there was only one sect of Christianity: Catholicism. After the Protestant Reformation, however, different Christian denominations sprang up in many parts of Europe. The Protestant Reformation’s beginning is most commonly associated with Martin Luther’s beliefs and his protest of the wrongdoings of the Catholic Church. Before the Reformation, the Catholic Church was more interested in raising

Recruiting Project Managers Define Leadership

Question: Describe about the Recruiting Project Managers for Define Leadership. Answer: Introduction Researchers Goleman, Boyatzis and McKee (2013) define leadership as the art of providing such services or facilities to others (to the subordinates to be very specific), such that they receive the training, guidance and the tools that are essential for realizing their full potential. Such leadership processes are necessary for the completion of organizational projects. The following sections of the report would provide an annotated bibliography of eight scholarly literatures that present discussions on various aspects of project team leadership. The concluding part of the report would be utilized for summarizing the information available from the said papers. Organizational Background Omar Jibran Engineering Industries is one of the leading vendors of Injection moulded plastic component to automotive industry in Pakistan. The organization had a very well equipped production facility but relied on foreign companies for supply of moulds and tooling for production of parts. After conducting annual SWOT analysis the management of organization realises that an in-house mould manufacturing facility is crucial for the sustainable growth of organization. The in-house mould manufacturing plant will not only reduced time and cost for producing parts but it an opportunity to diversify the organization product range. The initial project plan developed by Project Manager suggests that this project is expected to cost as much as 10 million US dollars and be completed within a span of 8 months. The plan also identify that a team of 25 people is required for completion of Project. The major issue faced by organization for accomplishment of this project is unamiability of suitably qualified local work force, to overcome the problem the organization developed an extensive training and retention plan for the team that worked on this project. The annotated bibliography provided in the following section has been conducted as a part of the research work undertaken for the project. The annotated bibliography The founder president of Heasley and Partners, Ms. Kathy Heasley defines leadership in the following words: "Leadership is being bold enough to have vision and humble enough to recognize achieving it will take the efforts of many people people who are most fulfilled when they share their gifts and talents, rather than just work. Leaders create that culture, serve that greater good and let others soar"(Heasleyandpartners.com 2016). The following section of the report would be utilized for reporting the findings of the various scholarly articles (essentially covering topics on team leadership) that have been reviewed for documenting this report. The design or structuring of project teams: Resource 2.1.1 Resource: Wright, E. 2013. Project Team Development and How to Accelerate It.PM World Journal, [online] 2(10), pp.1-7. Available at: https://www.pmworldjournal.net [Accessed 12 Aug. 2016]. Discussion: This paper is about the sequential steps of the team development for a project. The study of this article will help to understand the way of developing an effective team for the short-term projects. The designed methodology for the project team development has been tested in the practical field for understanding the effectiveness. Thus, the methodology of the research work was the experimental method. The literature review method was used for the development of the stages of the team development and then the effectiveness of the developed team structuring strategy was experimented among the graduate and undergraduate students practical classes on a private sector university campus in the Midwest. The project team develop strategy described in this paper is about the team development for the students in their capstone project. It is also helpful for the team preparation in the organizational project in the practical field. The team development strategy is developed based on the Tuckman model and necessary for developing a team for any project in the present edge. The paper is useful in understanding the proper leadership role of the mangers of developing an effective team for a project. The different steps described in the journal are very helpful for understanding the way of active project team development by enhancing the readers' knowledge in the area of leadership. Resource 2.1.2 Resource: Dayan, M. and Elbanna, S., 2011. Antecedents of team intuition and its impact on the success of new product development projects.Journal of Product Innovation Management,28(s1), pp.159-174. Discussion: This research paper is about the team development for a new product development project. The different factors of team development and structuring covered in this research paper are the team intelligence, quality of the teamwork and the charged behavior in the field of the new team development for developing product. The methodology used for conducting the research work was the survey method. The sample of the research study were 568 firms in the industries in Ankara and Istanbul. The respondents of the survey were the project managers and the team members of the teams of the new product development in the companies. The research study was conducted for satisfying some predefining hypotheses. The research paper has the authentic data from the practical filed of the project team development for the new products in different types of organization. The findings of the study are helpful for understanding the effective decisions of the managers for developing a team for developing a new product. However, the use of the retrospective data was a limitation of the research study regarding the validity and reliability of the data. The research paper is related to the organizational context of the current research work. This article helped to understand the different factors of team development and taking the superior for managing the team for a new product development. Collaboration in the project environment: Resource 2.2.1 Resource: Suprapto, M., Bakker, H.L., Mooi, H.G. and Moree, W., 2015. Sorting out the essence of ownercontractor collaboration in capital project delivery. International Journal of Project Management,33(3), pp.664-683. Discussion: In this article, the authors have reported the findings of the research work that was aimed at pointing out the optimized collaboration strategies among project owners and contractors essential for the success of engineering projects. The authors have utilized the primary methods of study for conducting this research work: as many as ten senior engineers who have had the experience of being considered as project reporting personnel and project managers have been interviewed. The data collected from these personnel have been analyzed with the help of Q methodology to arrive at a conclusion. The findings reported by the authors indicate that essential components of any collaborative environment, according to the practitioners who have been reviewed are: shared objectives an honest and open communication system a work culture in which no one blames each other and acceptance of shared responsibilities. The data presented in the article is indeed reliable, as the entire information has been based on the primary sources: which is the major strength of the paper. However, the researchers have not conducted any industry wise classification of the data, which can be considered as a weakness. The findings of this research work can essentially be utilized to develop a collaborative work environment in Omar Jibran Engineering Industries and thus the selection of the article is justified. Resource 2.2.2 Resource: Janutaite, S., Vosyliute, V., Vizgirdaite, J. and Taras, V., 2015. Cross-cultural Virtual Group Work: Cooperation vs. Collaboration (Case of Project X-Culture). Social Sciences, 88(2), pp.66-88. Discussion: In this article, the researcher has made an attempt to identify the scenarios in which team collaboration should be utilized in contrast the situations demanding team co-operation. The entire research work is been based on the case study of X-Culture, a project that started in 2010 under the leadership of Dr. Vas Taras with the aim of developing a team of corporate employees, students, professors and other experts from the field of academic research. Those who were in that point of time, interested in working together on various research projects. As mentioned in the article, Janutaite had interviewed some of the members associated with the X-Culture project to fulfil the objective of the study. The author has concluded that the transition from team co-operation to team collaboration should essentially occur during the norming and perform phases of teamwork. However, the researcher has also highlighted the fact that most project teams fail to go through this transition process. The findings of this research work would indeed guide project managers in pinpointing the exact phase at which team collaborations should be utilized. Creating a productive project environment: Resource 2.3.1 Resource: Kessels, J. and Keursten, P., 2002. Creating a knowledge productive work environment. Lifelong Learning in Europe, 7(2), pp.104-112. Discussion: In this article, researchers Kessels and Keursten have attempted to identify the manner in which work environments are changing and the manner in which the productivity of such environments can be improved, such that the employees working in such conditions can consider the same as a learning opportunity and increase their efficiency. The authors have conductive an extensive review of several scholarly articles, thus being capable of finding out the following factors that might be immensely effective in the development of a productive work environment: The exchange of knowledge among the employees who are working together Allowing an employee to work on ideas or activities that they are interested in or are competent. Encouraging the employees in improving their knowledge and skills. It has already been mentioned that there exists a little difference in between structure of research organizations and organizational projects. Thus, it is expected that the information provided in this article would allow project leaders in managing their team environment in a better way. Resource 2.3.2 Resource: Meshanko, P., 2013. The Respect Effect: Using the Science of Neuroleadership to Inspire a More Loyal and Productive Workplace. Cell, 216, pp.513-8740. Discussion: Paul Meshanko, the CEO and President of the Legacy Business Cultures' provides a glimpse of the manner in which certain leadership skills of the managerial authorities can be of great help in producing a working environment that not only increases the productivity and efficiency of the employees but also ensures their loyalty towards the organization. The author has an extensive experience in the domain of neuroscience and had utilized in the same in the identifying the manner in which the lessons provided by this specific domain of science can be effectively used in the practical domain. The authors association with various educational and scientific research groups has brought him to the conclusion that the following are the golden rules for creating an efficient and productive workplace environment: Being capable of communicating in an effective manner Being capable of managing disputes and disagreements Being capable of understanding situations from different perspectives. Being capable of learning from mistakes Being capable of encouraging the team members to improve their abilities continuously. The author had primarily pointed out the above-mentioned factors in the context of academic research groups. However, since most organizational project teams are structured in a fashion similar to such research groups, it is expected that the adherence to the golden rules would necessarily facilitate the process of increasing the productivity of a project team. Selecting project team members/project team member competencies: Resource 2.4.1 Resource: Ahsan, K., Ho, M. and Khan, S., 2013. Recruiting project managers: A comparative analysis of skills and recruitment signals from job advertisements. Project Management Journal, 44(5), pp.36-54. Discussion: In this research article, Ahsan et al. have attempted towards identifying the characteristics and competencies that business organizations expect to have in project managers. The researchers have utilized the method of content analysis for analyzing the recruitment offers posted in leading newspapers. Besides this, the researchers have also collected information from various recruitment websites and have arrived at the conclusion that technical expertise, leadership qualities and efficient communication skills are considered the most essential qualities of project team members. The findings presented in this report would essentially facilitate the process of hiring the project team leaders, based on their skills and qualifications. However, use of only secondary sources is a limitation of the research work. Use of primary data could be more valuable for gathering the data from actual practical filed. The research article is very helpful for understanding the proper way of selecting the project team members and evaluating their skills. The understanding of these factors will help the readers for developing their leadership skills for the future project development works. The study is also relevant to the organizational context of the current research work as it is about developing different types of plastic products through efficient team work, for which the selecting effective project team members is highly significant. Resource 2.4.2 Resource: Loufrani-Fedida, S. and Missonier, S., 2015. The project manager cannot be a hero anymore! Understanding critical competencies in project-based organizations from a multilevel approach.International Journal of Project Management,33(6), pp.1220-1235. Discussion: This particular article is aimed at enhancing the manner in which critical competencies are considered in multilevel organizational projects. The writers have considered the case studies of four project-based organizations and have utilized the findings to point out the competencies that are considered critical in such enterprises. The writers have utilized a case study methodology to conduct the research work that has been reported in this article. The four organization that were selected for doing the research work included IBM and Hewlett-Packard, two renowned enterprises developing IT hardware, the well-known pharmaceutical organization Arkopharma and Temex which is common knowledge for developing electronic products. The researchers had interviewed employees (including project team members, project managers, HR officials and HR managers) of the above-mentioned organizations to gain idea regarding the competencies that are considered critical in these organizations. The findings of the research work indicate that senior managers associated with the organizational projects are expected to have project management competencies, irrespective of the domains in which these organizations operate. In a very similar fashion, technical skills are expected of project team members. The strength of the article lies in the fact that the data were collected by the researchers themselves, thus being reliable. However, the number of interviews conducted was not significant (only 64) which can be considered as a weakness. The article has been chosen as it provides reliable data about manufacturing organizations, which can be utilized in case of the organizational context selected for this report. Conclusions The discussions made in the report mainly point towards the fact that an effective team leadership is a mandate for organizations aimed at achieving key results. Since organizational projects are conducted with the objective of fulfilling individual business goals and objectives, it can be pointed out that effective leadership qualities are essential for the successful completion of such projects. The articles discussed in section 2.1 of the report provide a detailed discussion on the manner in which the structuring of project teams can be efficiently conducted, while those discussed in Section 2.2 define the effect of team collaboration on achieving the organizational objectives and goals. On the other hand, section 2.3 sheds light on some of the essential characteristics of productive project environments and section 2.4 deals with the must have skills or competencies of employees (along with that of team leaders or managers) allocated to a project. In the light of the discussions made in the report, we can safely conclude that effective communication skills and the ability to share knowledge are some of the most important characteristics that need to be present among the members of a project team, to ensure the overall success of the said project. On the other, the project managers need to oversee the appropriate allocation of resources (based on their skills, interests and competencies) to ensue productive project environments. References Ahsan, K., Ho, M. and Khan, S., 2013. Recruiting project managers: A comparative analysis of competencies and recruitment signals from job advertisements. Project Management Journal, 44(5), pp.36-54. Dayan, M. and Elbanna, S., 2011. Antecedents of team intuition and its impact on the success of new product development projects.Journal of Product Innovation Management,28(s1), pp.159-174. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R. and McKee, A., 2013. Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Heasleyandpartners.com, 2016. HEASLEYPARTNERS. [online] HEASLEYPARTNERS. Available at: https://www.heasleyandpartners.com/ [Accessed 23 Jul. 2016]. Janutaite, S., Vosyliute, V., Vizgirdaite, J. and Taras, V., 2015. 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